Development experts have distinguished citizenship control as the highest form and degree of participation. In such participation, people have decision-making power in issues that affect their daily lives. The identification of variables that ensure women and men’s ability to control societys affairs is important for the realization of participation. This article aims to identify the different forms of women’s social participation and its related factors. It is based on a study that was conducted in the city of Tehran.The analytical framework was assisted by theory application and previous empirical studies. Six forms of participation were identified: civil, social support ,cultural-entertainment, local, charity-religious, and revolutionary. Civil participation was the least prevalent among women, while charity-religious participation was the most widespread. In general, the level of social participation in Tehran was lower than expected

The relation of participation with a country’s development has given a new and broad dimension to the issue and it is necessary to prepare appropriate grounds for women’s participation in the society. There is no single theory in sociology that could be employed to explain or elaborate women’s social participation in particular in developing countries. Therefore, a specific conceptual framework was designed for this research. This article presents part of the research findings that has been conducted by survey method. The research has been conducted for the purpose of studying the rate of factors influencing women’s social participation in Tehran. The research variables include cultural and socio-economic characteristics, values, and the family. The findings indicate a higher than average level of religious-charity participation and low tendency towards other kinds of social participation among women. On the basis of the rate of social participation, women are divided into four groups: The most passive group of women 38 percent, isolationists 31 percent, cultural activists 14 percent and women with the highest rate of social participation 16 percent in the respective society. The structural and family constraints are reported as the most considerable obstructions in the way of social participation.

Nowadays we are confronted to the new social phenomenon which called “women’s economical participation”, these new phenomenon comebacks to the revolution in some criteria such as economical, cultural and social in society’s. industrial revolution leads to women’s occupancy and after that improvement in technology, attracted large number of women for working. The other important was civilization, Literacy, education.The present article tries to evaluate the ideas of student about women’s job.Research methods were quantitative and survey data and information gathered by questionnaire, also secondary data gathered from documents and library. data were analyzed by “SPSS”.Statistical sample were medical student of Tabriz University.In conclusion, there was a great relationship between women’s job and the gender and ideas of student, it means they have optimistic idea about women’s job.

Introduction Since the introduction of development to countries after the World War II, this process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. The realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active participation of people in different stages of development process, so that development and participation are considered to be interwoven and the process is succeeded when it is concurrent with the increase in people's participation especially local individuals.Methodology Concerning people' s participation (PP) in participatory activities, in particular, propounding the subject of participatory approaches like PRA and RRA was the result of dissatisfaction and lack of success of rural development (RD) activities before the 1980s.During that time, the dominant thought and direction of RD was based on two essential principles: 1) emphasizing the role of ‘individuals outside the social system’ as the planners and decision-makers of the main projects and activities of RD.2) The thought “we know and they do not know” where ‘we’ referred to the outsiders and experts and ‘they’ referred to local people, shows that they ignored indigenous knowledge. Considering the failure of many RD projects and programs in the period before the 1980s, impressions, attitudes and ideas in relation to RD were changed during the subsequent three decades. The issue of ‘project ownership’and local NGOs gained significance up to date. It was realized that rural people had to have a sense of ownership of development process to follow and achieve the desired results. Before the 1980s, existing approaches to RD paid little attention to the active role of local people in RD, especially the marginalized groups (women) in rural areas. Therefore, in this period, decision-making and allocation of resources were carried out mostly by outsider experts of RD (i.e. in the capital or in the local governmental organizations) in developing countries, and people’s involvement in making decisions on RD projects was insignificant. In addition, local people’s ideas about their needs and problems related to their environment were rarely enquired.Results Based on the recent statistics released from the UN, 23% of Iranian women participate in the economic sector in contrast with 77 % of men's participation, of which 34% of women attend the agricultural sector versus 24% for men. The rural women as the half of human population in rural areas play a significant role in social and cultural realms along with economic roles. Accordingly, it is important to pay attention to how can us increase their participation and involvement in development process, especially because past research efforts, so often ignored or misrepresented them. Most of the women are illiterate or less educated and often unable to attend or continue formal training courses, social or economic services. In these conditions, rural women remain inactive with less chance to develop their own abilities. As a result, this situation has caused the women to be the most vulnerable group in rural development programs.In spite of their active role in socio-economic aspects, promotion of rural women's status, having participated them in formal economic sector is of greater importance and regarded to be the necessary condition for sustainable development in developing countries. To recognize the manner of women's participation in development and the influential factors, during 1970s the term “women in development”, and in the 1980s “Gender and development” were applied in resources and discourses (Ellis & Biggs, 2001). Thereafter, in most developing countries, strategies for active participation of women in development put into practice to remove or reduce existing barriers and obstacles. Yet, most planners of rural development policy believe erroneously that farmers and rural workers are mostly men.Conclusion In recent decades, social scientists focus on the importance of individual, economic and social factors that affecting women's life, directly or indirectly, to provide an environment for the promotion of their participation in rural development process.The co-ops established in rural areas are the main institutions as NGOs which could enhance rural communities' capacity through applying unique practices and approaches subsequently, attention to rural women's situation, attempt to recognize and evaluate their activities and remove the main barriers of improving their participation in different formal institutes at village level, including co-ops are the necessary steps towards sustainable rural development. The logic beyond this attempt is the necessity of using all the potential human resources toward development goals.The aim of this study is to explore some socio-economic factors affecting woman's participation in co-op from members' point of view. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical concepts on the issue of participation, especially on the case of rural women, and follows by a description of methodology of the study, and then findings are presented following by conclusion and recommendations.

Mass media through disseminating information forms the thought, mentality and culture of the society. Decision makers and writers of messages (mass media managers and producers) have an important role in cultural formation and its’ evolutions. The women’s presence in these occupational positions is studied in the Iranian radio and television. The findings indicate that women are involved in the majority of production activities. However, the intensity and rate of their presence differs from one sector to the other. Analysis of women’s participation in Media and quality of their participation, as well as factors affecting on their occupational efficiency are discussed in this article. The rate of women’s participation as producers of radio and television programs indicates their capacities in occupations which are rarely considered as feminine type.

Empowerment is a multi-staged process in which womens growing awareness of their inner needs and wants strengthens their confidence and ability to implement their goals. This research studies the factors related to womens empowerment. The theoretical framework is women’s empowerment for participation in development which has been strongly influenced by feminist thought, particularly liberal feminism. A survey was conducted on 380 women between 20 to 25 years of age residing in Isfahan. The research found that higher education level, access to financial resources, better health, legal property rights, eradication of labor market discrimination, and elimination of traditional beliefs contribute to women’s empowerment

By social participation we mean women's entering into an activity well beyond the common household duties and responsibilities, and their doing things which can't be achieved individually.The evolution of women's social duties and rights in history has been too slow and combined with sensitivities. Islam came and forbid any sort of irrational and prejudiced treatment of women, and instead it promoted protective rights in favor of women and their responsibilities. Low social participation of women in post-Islamic centuries gave rise to a wave of egalitarian and feminist movements sometimes leading to extremist stances and shaking the foundations of family life, especially in western countries. This faulty trend brought once again the Quranic viewpoint about the role of women in society back into focus for both Muslim societies and the whole mankind. In this article there is a reference to the Quran and the Prophet's traditions to shed light on rules of conduct pertaining to women's social presence in the light of the practical experience achieved by the model presented by the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Women’s participation means their total involvement in the process of decision makings and implementation of all social phenomena. This is a precondition for the success of all health programs. Womens participation in the maintenance of the society’s health is considered important. The program of women health volunteers not only provides the required skills and training to women volunteers it aims to disseminate health messages to all Iranian families. To evaluate the success of the program and the review of its impact on awareness-raising and changes in womens behavior, a longitudinal survey was conducted on two groups of women with similarities in socio-economic conditions (one covered by the study and a control group) in the Oroumeih district. The study was done before and after the implementation of the program. Comparison of the data gathered on awareness-raising of women in the two groups, demonstrated a significant difference due to the activities of health volunteers which had raised the level of the awareness of the society. However, behavioral changes among the groups were not significant. It seems that to review changes in the behavior require more than the one year period of the study.

This paper surveys factors affecting women’s participation in three different districts in Tehran City: Yusefabad, Heshmatiyeh, Nezamababd. Some 100 households were randomly chosen for survey. The correlation of participation indicators with factors such as age, education, employment, number of children, tenure, and consumption costs, etc. Participation was measured employing the following indicators: environmental awareness, practical participation, and domestic waste management. The survey further included questions on reasons why women do not participate, women's consumption patterns, and ways to enhance women’s participation.

With respect to the importance of civic participation as the main index of social development, this research aims at studying the rate of female civic participation, and its categories, according to the conceptual apparatus of Putnam. The research was carried out by means of a survey, using a questionnaire; during which 370 women, aged 18 to 45 years old, from Aleshtar, were interviewed. Findings show that the average rate of civic participation among women was equivalent to 59.2%, which, on a scale of 0 to 100, was evaluated as intermediate. Among the categories of civic participation, religious activities were ranked most prominent, with institutional (associational) activities being least popular. Multiple regression analysis, shows that women’s civic participation is based on the intensity of relationship, which is interconnected with variables such as the amount of available resources, scope of social relations, social efficacy, marriage status and age. The above variables explain a 54% overall change in women’s civic participation. At the conclusion of this study, implications of the findings in the field of future studies and cultural and social policy making, have been discussed.